Thursday, February 9, 2017

The Return of London’s Fog

 
 Opinion

 
 1932: A foggy day at Lincoln’s Inn, London. Credit General Photographic Agency/Getty Images

Cambridge, England — IN January, researchers at King’s College London announced that pollution levels on Oxford Street, in central London, had exceeded limits set for the entire year in just the first four days of 2015. Similarly alarming numbers have been recorded for other streets in the city — and yet the mayor, Boris Johnson, has delayed implementation of stricter air-quality measures until 2020.
What’s happening in London is being played out in cities worldwide, as efforts to curtail the onslaught of air pollution are stymied by short-term vested interests, with potentially disastrous results.
This is not the first time that society has confronted a threat of this kind. In the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution brought millions into the world’s cities, which expanded with unprecedented rapidity, leading to atmospheric pollution as the fossil fuels burned in urban homes poured huge quantities of sooty, sulfurous emissions into the air.
Nowhere was this more obvious, or more threatening, than in the greatest of all Victorian cities, London, where air pollution was literally in front of everyone’s face in the form of the city’s infamous, polluted fog.

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Sunday, February 5, 2017

Two Concepts of Oppression

Two Concepts of Oppression

There may be a more dangerous, all-pervasive threat than terrorism

By Elliot D. Cohen Ph.D.

The Oxford English Dictionary defines “oppression” as “the state of being subject to unjust treatment or control.”   However, this does not mean that those so subject are aware of their unjust treatment or control.  This is an aspect of oppression that is largely missed in popular culture when we consider whether we or others are being oppressed.  Indeed, when living day to day in concert with the constraints of a given cultural milieu, we seldom consider whether we are actually being oppressed.  Instead, we tend to think that one who wants to live according to the constraints of her culture is making a free choice.

In contrast, the usual scenario we think of when we think of oppression is that of someone who is captured, confined, tortured, or otherwise unjustly treated or controlled against his or her protests and pleas for freedom.  Those who organize rebellions, or who would do so if they could, are thought to be oppressed.  The internal resistance against Apartheid in South Africa was viewed as a mark of oppression; while those who acquiesce in their cultural restrictions and taboos, and think none the worst of it, are typically considered free agents.

In U.S. history, one prominent example of the latter sort of “forced” oppression is that described by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, in 1848, in their influential book, The Communist Manifesto.  Therein, Marx and Engels advanced their polemic against the power of capitalism to enslave the working class using the technology of mass production:

Continue reading at Psychology Today